ancient times

The era before the summer. Because there is no direct written record of the time in ancient times, the events or people that occurred at that time generally cannot be directly verified. These events and characters also tend to be mythological.

business

The Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin and Yin Shang, was the second dynasty in Chinese history and the first dynasty in China with direct written records of the same period. Shang Tang, the leader of the Shang tribe of the Xia Dynasty, led the vassal states to destroy Xia in the Battle of Mingtiao and established the Shang Dynasty in Bo (now Shangqiu, Henan). After his descendant Pangeng moved to Yin (now Anyang, Henan), he was called "Yin", or "Yin Shang". From 1600 BC to 1046 BC, there were three major phases. The first stage is "pre-consultation"; The second stage is "early business"; The third stage is the "Late Shang", which is passed down from generation to generation in 17 generations and 31 kings, which lasts for 600 years. The last king, King Shang, was defeated by King Wu of Zhou in the Battle of Muye and died. The Shang Dynasty was at the height of slavery, and the slave-owning aristocracy was the ruling class, forming a huge bureaucratic ruling body and army.

week

The Zhou Dynasty was a hereditary feudal dynasty in Chinese history after the Shang Dynasty, which was divided into two periods: the "Western Zhou" (1046-771 BC) and the "Eastern Zhou" (770-256 BC). The Western Zhou Dynasty was founded by Ji Fa, the king of Zhou Wu, with the capital of Haojing and Fengjing, and Luoyi was built during the Chengwang period; In the year of the Western Zhou Dynasty, after Ji Yijiu, the king of Zhou Ping, moved to Luoyi from the east of Haojing, it was known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history. The Middle Eastern Zhou period is also known as the "Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period", which is divided into two parts: "Spring and Autumn" and "Warring States". The Zhou Dynasty existed from about the 11th century BC to 256 BC, with a total of 37 kings in 30 generations, and a total of about 791 years. The Western Zhou Dynasty was the third and last hereditary slave dynasty in China, after which the Qin and Han dynasties began to become a unified state with a unified government from the central to the local level. Historical books often refer to the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou as two weeks together.

spring and autumn 🔥

The Spring and Autumn period is an important period in Chinese history, usually referred to as 770 BC to 476 BC. This period is named after the historical work "Spring and Autumn" compiled by Confucius, which records the history of the state of Lu from the first year of Lu Yin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Ai (481 BC). The main characteristics of the Spring and Autumn period include: Princely struggle for hegemony: The Zhou royal family declined, and the vassal states competed for hegemony. Cultural prosperity: numerous schools of thought emerged, such as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, etc. Military reforms: Various countries have carried out military reforms, such as the reform of the management of the Qi State and the reform of the Zhao Dun of the Jin State. Economic and technological progress: Iron tools were used, and agriculture, crafts, and commerce developed significantly.

Warring states 🔥

The Warring States period was an important period in Chinese history, following the Spring and Autumn period, and is generally considered to have started in 475 BC and ended with Qin Shi Huang unifying the Six Kingdoms in 221 BC. This period was characterized by frequent wars between vassal states and rapid technological, cultural, philosophical and other developments. One of the landmark events of the Warring States period was the "Three Families Divided into Jin", that is, the three families of Han, Zhao, and Wei divided the Jin Kingdom, forming three important states among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. During the Warring States period, there were seven major vassal states, namely Qin, Wei, Han, Zhao, Chu, Yan, and Qi, and these states engaged in a series of annexation wars during this period, which eventually led to the unification of the country by Qin. This period was also an era of contention of thought, with the emergence of many schools of thought, such as Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism, and Moism, which had a profound impact on ancient Chinese culture and philosophy.

Qin

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified absolutist centralized state in Chinese history. From 230 BC to 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang Yingzheng successively destroyed the six kingdoms of Kwantung and completed the unification of the country. He pioneered the emperor system, the central official system represented by the three princes and nine secretaries, and the county system, which completely broke the Shiqing Shilu system since the Western Zhou Dynasty, maintained the unity of the country, and strengthened the central government's control over the localities. It laid the foundation for the rule of the great unified dynasty in ancient China, so there is a saying that "a hundred generations are still Qin politics and law". But the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty also caused class contradictions and social unrest, leading to the first large-scale peasant uprising in Chinese history. In 206 BC, Prince Ying of Qin surrendered to Liu Bang. In just 15 years, the Qin Dynasty came to an end.

Chinese

The Han Dynasty was divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was a powerful unified empire after the Qin Dynasty. In 202 BC, Gaozu Liu Bang founded the country, and the capital was Chang'an. After the reign of Wenjing, Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty further promoted the cause of great unification, and reached its peak in the "Zhaoxuan Zhongxing". In the ninth year of AD, Wang Mang usurped power, and the Western Han Dynasty ended. In 25 years, Liu Xiu of the imperial family was proclaimed emperor, established the Eastern Han Dynasty, and set the capital Luoyang. Created the rule of Guangwu Zhongxing and Mingzhang, and all countries came to the dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, ethnic integration developed unprecedentedly, foreign exchanges were frequent, and the national strength and economy were relatively strong. Moreover, the unification of culture has laid the foundation for the social development of the Chinese nation for 2,000 years, and has made great contributions to the continuation and upright of Chinese civilization. The Han Dynasty lasted for more than 400 years. In 220, Chan was located in the reign of Cao Pi, the king of Wei, and the Eastern Han Dynasty ended.

Three Kingdoms 🔥

The Three Kingdoms were a period of division and confrontation between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty in Chinese history, with three regimes: Wei (Cao Wei), Shu (Shu Han), and Wu (Eastern Wu). The Three Kingdoms era was magnificent and full of vitality, which often aroused the remembrance of future generations. From 190 years when Dong Zhuo coerced Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty to leave Luoyang, the Eastern Han Dynasty had collapsed at this time; In 208, after the Battle of Chibi, the Three Kingdoms formed a prototype. Historians pay more attention to the formation and process of the Three Kingdoms, since the Eastern Han Dynasty began to lose its political entity and divide the powers, forming the prototype of the Three Kingdoms to the Wei Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, so the period from 184 to 220 is often included in the Three Kingdoms period for discussion. To this day, the characters and events of the Three Kingdoms are still the subject of television, movies and video games.

advance

The Jin Dynasty was one of the nine great unified dynasties in Chinese history, divided into two periods, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It inherited the Three Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and belonged to one of the six dynasties. In 265, Sima Yan established himself as the emperor, the country was called Jin, the capital was Luoyang, known as the Western Jin Dynasty in history, and in 280 he destroyed the Eastern Wu and completed the unification. This was followed by the "Eight Kings Rebellion", which lasted for 16 years. Emperor Jin moved the capital to Chang'an, destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty in 316, and established 16 countries, known as the "Five Hu Chaohua" in history. In 317, the Jin Dynasty crossed to the south, and Sima Rui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jianye, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty had many northern expeditions. In 383, it was temporarily consolidated after the battle between the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the former Qin Dynasty. During the two Jin Dynasty periods, ethnic minorities moved to the Central Plains, which strengthened ethnic integration, and northerners moved south to develop the Jiangnan region. The total duration of the two Jin Dynasty is one hundred and fifty-six years. In 420, Liu Yu established the Song Dynasty, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty perished.

Southern dynasties

The Northern and Southern Dynasties were a period of division in Chinese history, beginning with Liu Yu's usurpation of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 AD and establishing the Southern Song Dynasty, and ending with the Sui Dynasty's destruction of the Southern Dynasty Chen in 589 AD. During this period, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms were inherited from the top, and the Sui Dynasty was connected below, although the two sides of the north and south had their own dynastic changes, they maintained confrontation for a long time, so they were called the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The Southern Dynasties (420 AD – 589 AD) included the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties; The Northern Dynasties (439 AD – 589 AD) included the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, and Northern Five Dynasties. At the beginning of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was still a hereditary politics, and the social classes were divided into hereditary clans, Qi people, dependents, and slaves, and foreign exchanges were also flourishing, extending from Japan and the Korean Peninsula in the east, to the Western Regions, Central Asia, and West Asia (Elamshahr) in the west, and to Southeast Asia and India in the south.

Sui

The Sui Dynasty was a unified dynasty after more than 200 years of division between the Northern and Southern Dynasties. It was an important dynasty that inherited the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty downward, and historians often referred to it as the Sui and Tang Dynasties together with the Tang Dynasty. In 581 AD, Yang Jian usurped the Northern Zhou regime and established the Sui Dynasty, with the capital of Daxingcheng (now Xi'an). In 589, Chen was destroyed and unification was completed. At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, it fought a war with the Turks, defeated the military threat of the Turks, and also unified the Qinghai region. Emperor Wen of Sui made great efforts to create the famous "rule of the emperor". Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty built Luoyang and dug the Grand Canal of the Sui and Tang Dynasties to communicate the north-south traffic. The imperial examination system was established and initially improved, and the system of six ministries in the three provinces also ran smoothly. In the later period, the reign was decaying, in 618 Li Yuan forced Emperor Gong of Sui to concede, and in 619, the Emperor Taizhu was forced to take the throne of Wang Shichong, the Sui Dynasty perished, and the country was in power for 38 years.

Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty was one of the longest unified and most powerful dynasties in Chinese history. Founded by Li Yuan in 618, the capital was Chang'an (now Xi'an). In 627, Li Shimin ascended the throne and created the "rule of Zhenguan", after Tang Gaozong, Wu Zetian once moved the capital to Luoyang for 15 years to the Zhou Dynasty Tang (690-705), known as Wu Zhou, in 705 Tang Zhongzong restored the Tang Dynasty name, and returned the capital to Chang'an. After Tang Xuanzong Li Longji ascended the throne, he created the heyday of the "Kaiyuan Dynasty". After the Anshi Rebellion, the country's strength was declining. In 907, Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty fell. The Tang Dynasty had a total of 289 years and 20 emperors. The Tang Dynasty's reputation spread far and wide, with contacts with countries in South Asia, West Asia, and Europe. After the Tang Dynasty, overseas people mostly called Chinese "Tang people". Tang poetry, science and technology, culture and art are extremely prosperous and have diversified characteristics.

Five dynasties and ten kingdoms

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was the historical period from the fall of the Tang Dynasty to the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty. The five dynasties include the Later Liang, the Later Tang, the Later Jin, the Later Han and the Later Five Dynasties. In 907, Zhu Wen of Bianzhou usurped the Tang Dynasty and established the Later Liang, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began. Li Cun, the son of Li Keyong in Taiyuan, destroyed the Later Liang and the Tang Dynasty after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The Later Tang Dynasty was strong, but after civil strife, it was destroyed by the Khitan army led by Shi Jingjiao, and the Later Jin Dynasty was established. Soon the Khitan army went south to destroy the Later Jin. Liu Zhiyuan established the Later Han Dynasty in Taiyuan and recovered the Central Plains. Guo Wei usurped the Later Zhou of the Han Dynasty, in 960, the Later Zhou was usurped by Zhao Kuangyin, and the five dynasties ended. The Ten Kingdoms refer to more than a dozen secessionist regimes, including Former Shu, Later Shu, Wu, Southern Tang, Wu Yue, Fujian, Chu, Southern Han, Nanping (Jingnan), and Northern Han. After Zhao Kuangyin established the Northern Song Dynasty, he and his younger brother Taizong of the Song Dynasty swept away the heroes one after another, and finally unified in 979.

distant

The Liao Dynasty was a feudal dynasty established by the Khitan people in Chinese history, with a total of nine emperors and a reign of 210 years. In 916, Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji officially established the state as emperor and became the founder of the Liao regime, with the state name "Khitan", and the capital was Linyi Fu (present-day Bahrain Left Banner Nanboluo City, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia). In 947, Liao Taizong led his army south to the Central Plains, captured Bianliang (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and destroyed the Later Jin Dynasty. In 983, it was renamed "Great Khitan", and in 1066, Yelu Hongji, the Taoist sect of Liao, restored the name of the country "Liao". In 1125, it was destroyed by the Kingdom of Jin.

surname

The Song Dynasty was an era in Chinese history that inherited five dynasties and ten kingdoms and descended to the Yuan Dynasty, and was divided into the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. In 960, the Later Zhou general Zhao Kuangyin added a yellow robe and established the Song Dynasty. During the period of Zhenzong and Renzong, the period entered a prosperous era, and in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the centralization of power was strengthened and the problem of separating feudal towns was solved. In 1127, the Jingkang Revolution and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty moved south and established the Southern Song Dynasty. In the later period, the War of Resistance against Mongolia continued for many years, and in 1276, the Yuan Dynasty army occupied Lin'an, and in 1279, the 8-year-old little emperor Zhao Yu was carried by the minister Lu Xiufu and jumped into the sea and died, and after the Battle of the Mountains and Mountains, the Song Dynasty was completely destroyed. The fall of the Song Dynasty was "no China after Yashan". During the Song and Song dynasties, ethnic integration and unprecedented development of the commodity economy, frequent foreign exchanges, and rapid development of culture and art were the golden ages of Chinese history.

gold

The Jurchens flourished in the present-day Heilongjiang River, Songhua River basin and Changbai Mountain area, and the capital was Acheng. On January 28, 1115, the Jurchen leader Wanyan Agu was proclaimed emperor and founded the country, with the name Dajin. After the founding of the Jin Dynasty, the war to destroy Liao was launched with Liao Wujing as the strategic goal. After the five capitals, the Liao Dynasty immediately perished. After Jin destroyed Liao, he became an enemy country with the Northern Song Dynasty. After Jin Taizong completed Yan Sheng's accession to the throne, he destroyed the power of Liao, and soon swept south, and destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty in the fifth year of Tianhui (1127 AD). After eliminating the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jurchens unified the vast northern regions, including the Yellow River Valley, and confronted the Southern Song Dynasty for a long time. While the Jin dynasty implemented unique systems such as Meng'an Moke, it also adopted many political systems in the interior. During the reign of Wan Yan Liang, he launched a large-scale war against the Southern Song Dynasty, but it ended in failure. During the period of Jin standing side by side with the Southern Song Dynasty and the Western Xia, he forced the Western Xia to submit to the Southern Song Dynasty and sued for peace in humiliation, always maintaining its hegemony. In the later period of the Jin Dynasty, the ruling group was extremely corrupt, and various ethnic uprisings were surging, and at the same time, they were constantly attacked by the army of the Mongolia Empire (Yuan Empire), and finally the country was destroyed.

Yuan

Founded by ethnic Mongolia, the Yuan Dynasty was the first unified empire in Chinese history to be established by ethnic minorities. In 1206 Temujin established the Mongolia Khanate. In 1260, Kublai Khan ascended the throne of the Great Khan and established the Yuan "Zhongtong", in 1271, Kublai Khan took the meaning of "I Ching" "Dazai Qianyuan" and changed the name of the country to Yuan, and in 1279, he destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified the whole of China. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was unprecedentedly vast, stretching from the North Sea in the north to the Sea of Japan in the east, and Tibet and Taiwan were included in the Chinese territory for the first time. The Yuan Dynasty set up Zhongshu Province in the central government, and the left and right prime ministers and peace chapters handled government affairs. The local government implements the provincial system. Its overall productivity was not as good as that of the Song Dynasty, and in the later period, due to corruption and national oppression, leading to peasant uprisings, in 1368 the Ming army captured Dadu, the Yuan Dynasty's rule in the country ended, and the remnants of the Mongolia Plateau were known as the Northern Yuan.

bright

The Ming Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history to be founded by the Han Chinese. Founded in 1368 by Zhu Yuanzhang, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, it has gone through 12th and 16th emperors and 276 years of national ancestry. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the capital was set in Yingtianfu, and the capital was moved to Shuntianfu in 1421, and Yingtianfu was renamed Nanjing. Because the emperor of the Ming Dynasty was surnamed Zhu, he was also called Zhu Ming. In 1644, Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, and Zhu Youzhen of Ming Yizong hanged himself in the coal mountain, and the Ming Dynasty died. Subsequently, the Manchu Qing dynasty entered the Central Plains, and in 1662 the Yongli Emperor Zhu Youlang was killed, and in 1683 the Qing army occupied Taiwan, ending the Ming and Zheng dynasties. The Ming Dynasty was a prosperous era in China after the Zhou, Han and Tang dynasties, and was known as the "Zhilong Tang and Song Dynasty" and "Yuanmai Han and Tang Dynasties". The Ming Dynasty, without the harmony of the Han and Tang Dynasties, without the two Song Dynasty coins, the Son of Heaven and the Imperial Gate, the monarch died in Sheji, and was admired by future generations.

clear

The Qing Dynasty was the second unified regime established by ethnic minorities in Chinese history, and it was also the last feudal imperial state in China, which had a profound impact on Chinese history. In 1616, Nurhachi, the head of the Jurchen tribe of Jianzhou, established Houjin. In 1636, Huang Taiji changed the name of the country to Qing. In 1644, it entered the customs and gradually unified the whole country. In the early Qing Dynasty, the unified multi-ethnic state was consolidated, which basically laid the map of our country, and at the same time, the absolute monarchy developed to its peak. After the Opium War in 1840, it entered modern times, and was invaded by many foreign powers, and its sovereignty was seriously lost. In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution broke out and the Qing Dynasty collapsed, ending China's feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years. On February 12, 1912, the Qing Emperor was forced to abdicate. The Qing Dynasty was counted from the establishment of the Later Jin Dynasty, with a total of 12 emperors. Since then, China has entered a period of democracy.

Contemporary

Liang Yusheng (1924.3.22~2009.1.22), formerly known as Chen Wentong, is a famous Chinese martial arts novelist, known as the four great masters of Chinese martial arts novels together with Jin Yong, Gu Long, and Wen Ruian, and is known as the founding patriarch of the new school of martial arts novels. In the sixties and seventies of the last century, he and Jin Yong jointly carried the banner of the new school of martial arts novels, Liang Yusheng abandoned the tendency of the old school of martial arts novels to blindly revenge and kill, and established chivalry on the basis of justice, dignity and love for the people, and put forward the concept of "winning martial arts with chivalry". Liang Yusheng is a decent person and has created more than 30 martial arts masterpieces, creating a precedent for new martial arts novels. On January 22, 2009, Liang Yusheng died of illness in Sydney at the age of 85. Representative works include "The Legend of the White-Haired Witch", "Seven Swords Under the Heavenly Mountain", "Pingxia Shadow", "Yunhai Jade Bow Edge" and so on. When evaluating his status in martial arts creation, Liang Yusheng once said: "Open up the atmosphere, Liang Yusheng; Carry it forward, Jin Yong. There are also pen names Chen Lu, Feng Yuning, Liang Huiru, Mrs. Li, Feng Xianhua, Huanping, Tong Shuozhi, and Feng Xiaosheng.