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The fifth of the seven afflictions


                  
墨子
  七患第五

子墨子曰:

  国有七患。七患者何?城郭沟池不可守,而治宫室,一患也。边国至境,四邻莫救,二患也。先尽民力无用之功,赏赐无能之人,民力尽于无用,财宝虚于待客,三患也。仕者持禄,游者爱佼,君修法讨臣,臣慑而不敢拂,四患也。君自以为圣智,而不问事,自以为安彊,而无守备,四邻谋之不知戒,五患也。所信者不忠,所忠者不信,六患也。畜种菽粟,不足以食之,大臣不足以事之,赏赐不能喜,诛罚不能威,七患也。

  以七患居国,必无社稷,以七患守城,敌至国倾。七患之所当,国必有殃。

  凡五谷者,民之所仰也,君之所以为养也。故民无仰则君无养,民无食,则不可事。故食不可不务也,地不可不立也,用不可不节也。五谷尽收,则五味尽御于主,不尽收则不尽御。一谷不收谓之馑,二谷不收谓之旱,三谷不收谓之凶,四谷不收谓之馈,五谷不收谓之饥。

  岁馑,则仕者大夫以下,皆损禄五分之一。旱,则损五分之二。凶,则损五分之三。馈,则损五分之四。饥,则尽无禄,禀食而已矣。故凶饥存乎国,人君彻鼎食五分之五,大夫彻县,士不入学,君朝之衣不革制,诸侯之客,四邻之使,雍食而不盛,彻骖𬴂,涂不芸,马不食粟,婢妾不衣帛,此告不足之至也。

  今有负其子而汲者,队其子于井中,其母必从而道之。今岁凶民饥道饿,重其子此疚于队,其可无察邪?故时年岁善,则民仁且良;时年岁凶,则民吝且恶。夫民何常此之有?为者疾,食者众,则岁无丰。

  故曰:“财不足则反之时,食不足则反之用。”故先民以时生财,固本而用财,则财足。故虽上世之圣王,岂能使五谷常收,而旱水不至哉?然而无冻饿之民者,何也?其力时急,而自养俭也。故夏书曰:“禹七年水。”殷书曰:“汤五年旱。”此其离凶饿甚矣。然而民不冻饿者,何也?其生财密,其用之节也。

  故仓无备粟,不可以待凶饥。库无备兵,虽有义不能征无义。城郭不备全,不可以自守。心无备虑,不可以应卒。是若庆忌无去之心,不能轻出。

  夫桀无待汤之备故放,纣无待武之备故杀。桀纣贵为天子,富有天下,然而皆灭亡于百里之君者,何也?有富贵而不为备也。故备者国之重也,食者国之宝也,兵者国之爪也,城者所以自守也,此三者国之具也。

故曰以其极赏,以赐无功,虚其府库,以备车马衣裘奇怪,苦其役徒,以治宫室观乐,死又厚为棺椁,多为衣裘,生时治台榭,死又修坟墓,故民苦于外,府库单于内,上不厌其乐,下不堪其苦。故国离寇敌则伤,民见凶饥则亡,此皆备不具之罪也。且夫食者,圣人之所宝也。故周书曰:“国无三年之食者,国非其国也;家无三年之食者,子非其子也。”此之谓国备。


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